Monday, February 27, 2012

Volviendo al ruedo, por aqui despues de usar este blog con fines educativos

Monday, February 14, 2011

Reflexion Final

Me agrado mucho de este curso que pudimos interactuar con herramientas como este Blog, para mostrar nuestro trabajo y poder observar el de otros, me gusto esta parte porque salimos de la rutina del taller y del examen escrito, a mis compañeros gracias y a la Teacher Doris por presentarnos nuevas herramientas para crecer academicamente y personalmente. Muchas Gracias

Dianys Vera



Patrones de Organización de un párrafo

Actividad 4
Patrones de organización de un párrafo

Trial balance

Marcadores de Discurso
A trial balance is a list of all the nominal ledger (general ledger) accounts contained in the ledger of a business. This list will contain the name of the nominal ledger account and the value of that nominal ledger account. The value of the nominal ledger will hold either a debit balance value or a credit value balance. The debit balance values will be listed in the debit column of the trial balance and the credit value balance will be listed in the credit column. The profit and loss statement and balance sheet and other financial reports can then be produced using the ledger accounts listed on the trial balance.
The trial balance is usually prepared by a bookkeeper or accountant who has used daybooks to record financial transactions and then post them to the nominal ledgers and personal ledger accounts. The trial balance is a part of the double-entry bookkeeping system and uses the classic 'T' account format for presenting values.
*  The general ledger, sometimes known as the nominal ledger, is the main accounting record of a business which uses double-entry bookkeeping. It will usually include accounts for such items as current assets, fixed assets, liabilities, revenue and expense items, gains and losses. Each General Ledger is divided into debits and credits sections. The left hand side lists debit transactions and the right hand side lists credit transactions. This gives a 'T' shape to each individual general ledger account.
*  Debits and credits This article is about the bookkeeping concept of debits and credits. Not to be confused with the financial concepts of debt and credit, or with credit cards.
This article uses terms related to the American system of accounting known as GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). The article still applies when working with the European accounting system known as IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) - Note: some terms may differ e.g. Revenue (GAAP) is Income (IFRS). An alternative article with IFRS terms is available see: Debits and Credits (IFRS).


Secuencia y ordenamiento del tiempo
Hershey’s
It all started with a decision.
In the beginning, Our company originated with candy-manufacturer Milton Hershey’s decision in 1894 to produce sweet chocolate as a coating for his caramels. Located in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, he called his new enterprise the Hershey Chocolate Company. In 1900, the company began producing milk chocolate in bars, wafers and other shapes. With mass-production, Hershey was able to lower the per-unit cost and make milk chocolate, once a luxury item for the wealthy, affordable to all. One early advertising slogan described this new product as “a palatable confection and a most nourishing food.”
A company on the move.
The immediate success of Hershey’s low-cost, high-quality milk chocolate soon caused the company’s owner to consider increasing his production facilities. He decided to build a new chocolate factory amid the gently rolling farmland of south-central Pennsylvania in Derry Township, where he had been born. Close to the ports of New York and Philadelphia which supplied the imported sugar and cocoa beans needed, surrounded by dairy farms that provided the milk required, and with a local labor supply of honest, hard-working people, the location was perfect. By the summer of 1905, the new factory was turning out delicious milk chocolate.
A KISS for the whole world.
Looking to expand its product line, the company in 1907 began producing a flat-bottomed, conical milk chocolate candy which Mr. Hershey decided to name HERSHEY’S KISSES Chocolates. At first, they were individually wrapped in little squares of silver foil, but in 1921 machine wrapping was introduced. That technology was also used to add the familiar “plume” at the top to signify to consumers that this was a genuine HERSHEY’S KISS Chocolate. In 1924, the company even had it trademarked.
New products, hard times.
Throughout the next two decades, even more products were added to the company’s offerings. These included MR. GOODBAR (1925), HERSHEY’S Syrup (1926), chocolate chips (1928) and the KRACKEL bar (1938). Despite the Great Depression of the 1930s, these products helped the newly incorporated Hershey Chocolate Corporation maintain its profitability and avoid any worker layoffs. Nevertheless, supported by the CIO labor union, a group of workers staged a six-day strike that ended with the strikers being forcibly removed by loyal workers and local farmers.



1.       Marcadores de Tiempo
Resaltados en el texto
2.       Tipo de Texto
Narracion
3.       Idea General del Parrafo

Comienzos de la empresa de chocolates
 

Sunday, February 13, 2011

Estrategias de lectura



ACTIVIDAD  3

C.- Estrategias de lectura: Prediccion, Deduccion, Skimming
Según  la Imagen conteste las siguientes preguntas





1.       ¿Cuál es el tópico que esta apunto de leer?
Es sobre el mundo de las empresas

2.       ¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?
Trata acerca de las empresas y su composición

3.       ¿Qué palabras se repiten?
business
organization
Corporations

4.       ¿Qué palabras se parecen al español?
Corporations, etymology, company, goverment.

5.       ¿De qué trata el texto?
El texto trata sobre los diferentes tipos de negocios y como están compuestos según su carga accionaria, es decir sus dueños y accionistas.
A business (also known as enterprise or firm) is an organization designed to provide goods, services, or both to consumers. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, in which most of them are privately owned and formed to earn profit to increase the wealth of their owners. Businesses may also form not-for-profit or be state-owned. A business owned by more than one individual may be referred to as a company, although that term also has a more precise meaning.

The etymology of "business" relates to the state of being busy either as an individual or society as a whole, doing commercially viable and profitable work. The term "business" has at least three usages, depending on the scope — the singular usage to mean a particular organization; the generalized usage to refer to a particular market sector, "the music business" and compound forms such as agribusiness; and the broadest meaning, which encompasses all activity by the community of suppliers of goods and services. However, the exact definition of business, like much else in the philosophy of business, is a matter of debate and complexity of meanings.
Although forms of business ownership vary by jurisdiction, there are several common forms:

Sole proprietorship: A sole proprietorship is a for-profit business owned by one person. The owner may operate on his or her own or may employ others. The owner of the business has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business.
Basic forms of ownership
Partnership: A partnership is a for-profit business owned by two or more people. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business. The three typical classifications of partnerships are general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships.
Corporation: A corporation is a limited liability business that has a separate legal personality from its members. Corporations can be either privately-owned or government-owned, and privately-owned corporations can organize either for-profit or not-for-profit. A for-profit corporation is owned by shareholders who elect a board of directors to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff. A for-profit corporation is either privately held or publicly held.
Cooperative: Often referred to as a "co-op", a cooperative is a limited liability business that can organize for-profit or not-for-profit. A for-profit cooperative differs from a for-profit corporation in that it has members, as opposed to shareholders, who share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives. Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy.








Scanning: (Preguntas puntuales sobre fechas, sitios, etc) (utiliza una biografía referente a algún autor de tu área de experticia))

Entrepreneur. Born February 23, 1965 in Houston, Texas, Michael Dell helped launch the personal computer revolution in the 1980s with the creation of Dell Computer, which began in the founder's dorm room at the University of Texas and quickly blossomed into a megawatt computer company. By 1992, just eight years after Dell was founded, Michael Dell was the youngest CEO of a Fortune 500 company.
Dell's success wasn't entirely surprising. While his mother, a stockbroker, and his father, an orthodontist, pushed their son to consider medicine, Dell showed an early interest in technology and business.
A hard worker, Dell landed a job washing dishes at a Chinese restaurant at the age 12 so that he could put away money for his stamp collection. A few years later he harnassed his ability to sift through data to find new customers for newspaper subscriptions for the Houston Post, which earned the high school student $18,000 in one single year.
Intrigued by the expanding world of computers and gadgetry, Dell purchased an early Apple computer at the age of 15 for the strict purpose of taking it apart to see how it worked.
It was in college that Dell found the niche that would become his boom. The PC world was still young and Dell realized that no company had tried selling directly to customers. Bypassing the middleman and the markups, Dell tapped his savings account for $1,000 and started building and selling computers for people he knew at college. His emphasis, however, wasn't just on good machines, but strong customer support and cheaper prices. Soon, he had accounts outside of school and it wasn't long before Dell dropped out and focused all his efforts on his business.
The numbers proved staggering. In 1984, Dell's first full year in business, he had $6 million in sales. By 2000, Dell was a billionaire and his company had offices in 34 countries and employee count of more than 35,000. The following year, Dell Computer surpassed Compaq Computer as the world's largest PC maker.
Overall, Dell's first 20 years proved to be one of the most successful businesses on the planet, surprising such titans as Wal-Mart and General Electric. Dell's story is so compelling that in 1999 he published a bestselling book about his success, Direct from Dell: Strategies That Revolutionized the Industry.
Intensely private and notoriously shy, Dell has come out of his shell over the years, say those who know him, thanks to his wife Susan, a Dallas native whom he married in 1989. The couple has four children.
Together, the Dells have shown a willingness to spread their wealth. In 1999, the couple started the Michael and Susan Dell Foundation, a large private charity that has doled out millions to causes and people like the tsunami victims in southern Asia. In 2006, the foundation donated $50 million to the University of Texas.
"A bunch of guys sitting around trying to decide what we want to have done with our money after we're dead, that's not a very good idea," he once said, expaling his early entry into philanthropy. "Forget all that. We're going to do this while we're still here and get it right."
In 2004 Dell stepped down as CEO of the company, but he remained chairman of the board. He served on the Foundation Board of the World Economic Forum and the executive committee of the International Business Council. He also was on the U.S. President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and sat on the governing board of the Indian School of Business in Hyderabad.
In recent years, however, not everything has gone right for Michael Dell or his company. Poorly built computers resulted in the company taking a $300 million charge to fix the faulty machines, a huge issue for the company that resulted in Dell losing its top perch atop the industry. In an effort to correct things, Dell returned in 2007 as CEO, but the results have been mixed.
Poor products continued to plague the company, and despite Dell Computer's efforts to play down the issue, documents later revealed that employees were well aware of the issues affecting millions of its computers.
In July 2010, Michael Dell made headlines when he agreed to pay more than $100 million in penalties in order to settle charges of accounting fraud that had been filed by the Security and Exchange Commission. According to the charges, Dell Computer inflated its earning statements by counting rebates from the chip maker Intel that were issued to Dell to encourage the company not to use chips from Advanced Micro Devices in its computers and servers. By padding its statements, investigators claimed, Dell Computer had misled investors about its actual earnings.
© 2011 A&E Television Networks. All rights reserved


¿En qué ano nació  Michael Dell?
El 23 de febrero de 1965
¿De qué se trata la compañía de Michael Dell?
Vende PC´s computadoras.
¿En qué año fundo la compañía?
En 1980 cuando creo la primera de sus computadoras
¿En qué universidad estudio Michael Dell?
University of Texas

 

CATEGORIAS LEXICALES Y USO DEL DICCIONARIO


ACTIVIDAD 1 y 2
A.      CATEGORIAS LEXICALES Y USO DEL DICCIONARIO

Financial Management                                           
Financial management entails planning for the future of a person or a business enterprise to ensure a positive cash flow. It includes the administration and maintenance of financial assets. Besides, financial management covers the process of identifying and managing risks.
The primary concern of financial management is the assessment rather than the techniques of financial quantification. A financial manager looks at the available data to judge the performance of enterprises. Managerial finance is an interdisciplinary approach that borrows from both managerial accounting and corporate finance.
Some experts refer to financial management as the science of money management. The primary usage of this term is in the world of financing business activities. However, financial management is important at all levels of human existence because every entity needs to look after its finances.
Financial Management: Levels
Broadly speaking, the process of financial management takes place at two levels. At the individual level, financial management involves tailoring expenses according to the financial resources of an individual. Individuals with surplus cash or access to funding invest their money to make up for the impact of taxation and inflation. Else, they spend it on discretionary items. They need to be able to take the financial decisions that are intended to benefit them in the long run and help them achieve their financial goals.
From an organizational point of view, the process of financial management is associated with financial planning and financial control. Financial planning seeks to quantify various financial resources available and plan the size and timing of expenditures. Financial control refers to monitoring cash flow. Inflow is the amount of money coming into a particular company, while outflow is a record of the expenditure being made by the company. Managing this movement of funds in relation to the budget is essential for a business.
At the corporate level, the main aim of the process of managing finances is to achieve the various goals a company sets at a given point of time. Businesses also seek to generate substantial amounts of profits, following a particular set of financial processes.
Financial managers aim to boost the levels of resources at their disposal. Besides, they control the functioning on money put in by external investors. Providing investors with sufficient amount of returns on their investments is one of the goals that every company tries to achieve. Efficient financial management ensures that this becomes possible.
Strong financial management in the business arena requires managers to be able to:

Interpret financial reports including income statements, Profits and Loss or P&L, cash flow statements and balance sheet statements
Improve the allocation of working capital within business operation
Review and fine tune financial budgeting, and revenue and cost forecasting
Look at the funding options for business expansion, including both long and short term financing
Review the financial health of the company or business unit using ratio analyses, such as the gearing ratio, profit per employee and weighted cost of capital
Understand the various techniques using in project and asset valuations
Apply critical financial decision making techniques to assess whether to proceed with an investment.
Understand valuations frameworks for businesses, portfolios and intangible assets

R:
A. Categorias lexicales y uso del diccionario.
1. Selecciona un texto relacionado con tu área de interés. Identifica 3 palabras que no conoces. Agrega las abreviaciones.
Palabras desconocidas:
Rather: ['rɑːðər] adv.  1   ( a little )algo , ( fairly )bastante , ( very )muy ,  she's rather reserved es algo reservada  
Approach: [ə'prəʊʧ] noun  1   ( coming near )aproximación f, acercamiento , ( arrival )llegada ,  2   ( way in )acceso, entrada ,  3   ( to problem )enfoque m,    we have to try a different approach to the problem deberíamos intentar un enfoque diferente del problema  
vi  1   ( come near )acercarse, aproximarse ,
vt  1   ( come near )acercarse a, aproximarse a ,  2   ( tackle - problem )enfocar, abordar , ( - person ) dirigirse a ,
Borrows: ['bɒrəʊ] vt.  pedir prestado,-a, tomar prestado,-a


2. Idea principal del texto (en español):
La gestión financiera, o la gerencia financiera es la base que toda empresa necesita para el control correcto de los recursos con los que cuenta una organización. Así como también está relacionada con la toma de decisiones gerenciales, y la fijación de objetivos y metas.

3. Categorías lexicales: (2 ejemplos por categoría)
•Palabras de contenido: financial, involves
•Palabras de Función: On, Into
•Verbos: spend, seek
•Adverbio: including ,making
•Adjetivo:  Interpret
•Artículo: the
•Preposiciones: on, Of, in
•Conjunción: that, and
•Cognados verdaderos: process, associated
•cognados Falsos: N/A
•Sufijo:                statements, budgeting
•Prefijos: Im, ex








B.               Estructura de la oración: (2 ejemplos)
Review the financial health of the company or business unit
1.                Frase nominal
·                   the financial health of the company or business unit

·                  Núcleo de la frase nominal
Company or business

1.1            pre modificadores- post modificadores

No presenta

2.                Frase verbal
Review
3.                Tiempo verbal
·                  Presente simple


Some experts refer to financial management as the science of money management

1.       Frase Nominal

Financial management as the science of money management

1.1. Núcleo de la frase nominal

Financial management

1.2. Pre modificadores/ Post Modificadores

2.                Frase verbal
Some experts refer


3.                Tiempo verbal
·                  Presente simple